Characteristic of management Essay Example for Free

Characteristic of management Essay With the progress of history, the definition, content, method and characteristic of management is in constant development. The history of management theory and idea is evolving. Between the twentieth century and twenty first century, the environment of management has been changed from stable and predictable to unending changeable. According to Kiechel’s (2012) theory, with the definite law, principle and regulation, management belong to a real science system. In this essay, two topics will be discussed. The first one is management theories and ideas have changed over time with two factors which are the transformation of labor were treated from machine to human and the connection between organization and external environment. The second one is the three most important differences between now and then. The three differences are increasingly fierce competition, personalized customer demand and how to improve competitiveness. The development of management theory and practice are closely related. Management theory is based on the understanding of management system and frame after summarized the experience from the accumulation management. However, this understanding also leads to the management practice. First of all, the transformation of labor were treated from machine to human is one factor. After the mid nineteen twenties the human relations theory and behavior management theory began to pay attention to human has many special factors different from the objects. On the human factor, first of all should be attributed to Mayo and his in the test of Hawthorne factory. Hawthorne test is a management test of Mayo by Hawthorne telephone factory which belong to Western Electric Company in the United States. Testing began in 1924 and Mayo conducted a series of surveys, tests and interviews. After that, the summary from Mayo (1933) of human psychological factors and social factors has great impact on the production efficiency. The staff is social person; they need social psychology rather than simply the pursuit of income and material. Therefore, the managers of the enterprise should not only focus on the technical and economic factors of management, but also improve labor  productivity from the social and psychological aspects to encourage workers. Volberda (2012) has said that expect formal organization, there are some informal ones. Informal organization is spontaneous formation by nature from the people contact. However, people’s behavior from the informal organization is always following the emotional logic character decides relationship. The external environment become connects to organization. Some of manager’s work on employees by coerces punishment and fire to increase the stress of them. The strict supervision and control mode to staff actually reflected in Taylors scientific management service and the traditional management mode. The others the others has concept of management that will be advocated management method which is people oriented by human, tolerant, democratic in management behavior. The objectives of the organization are combined individual objectives well and create favorable conditions for employees to develop the wisdom and potential. Then, there are three most important differences between now and then which increasingly fierce competitions, personalized customer demand and how to improve competitiveness. Firstly, with the liberalization policy, business globalization and capital operation mode, the regional and industry boundaries were abolished which makes the competition more intense. That leads to the difference by increasingly fierce competitions. With the opinion of Parker (2005), a long time ago, the research which based on strategic alliances and joined ventures was found. Cooperation and competition were founded to be a virtue and he analysis that competition is good to become to cooperation which is a good idea from the growing global economic. Secondly, Customers become the dominant force in the market by the expansion of product pile up in excessive requirement and income gap which leads to customer demand for personalized. Abrahamson (1966) suggested that, change is a global effect; the customer is more sensitive on the quality of the product or service. Managers should seek a new technology to help them handle new conditions which is the performance gap caused by environmental changes. Finally, with the widely used of the development of science and technology and information technology, lots of things could be done which may not be done easily. So the traditional management mode faces the enormous challenge. Moreover, by Rodrigues(2001)’ theory, the development of effective management skills to deal with specific problems and challenges of each organization in the global competitive environment is to make a frame work. The urgent need of many enterprises and organizations are rapid changes in technology and the environment. Today, the new trend of training and development organizations around the world are dealt within their own organization. In order to achieve networked, flat, flexible, effective development skills, specific challenges different new organizations of their mission and objectives of the organizations all over the word. Effective management skills help people and organizations to improve its effectiveness and efficiency. The rapid development of globalization and technology shows that we are in fierce competition. Proper management is crucial to the complex environment. The quality manager and effective management style can determine the organizational culture with productive employees and ultimately, success or failure. Managers should encourage, guide, supervise, motivate employee and coordination capacity to promote action and guide change his leadership and other training manager. Management and utilization planning, organization and communication skills are important leadership, more in quality such as integrity, honesty, courage, commitment, sincerity, enthusiasm, determination, compassion and sensitivity. In conclusion, management theories and ideas have changed over time with two factors which are the transformation of labor were treated from machine to human and the connection between organization and external environment. At the same time, there are three most important differences between now and then. The three differences are increasingly fierce competition, personalized customer demand and how to improve competitiveness. Twenty first Century for humans is a new age, we need according to the new rules to face and the formation of new rules depends on innovation which is the foundation of learning. Finally, Learning and innovation is the key in twenty first Century to deal with the environmental change. Reference 1.Abrahamson, E. (1996). Management fashion. Academy of Management Review, 21, 1, 245-285. 2. Parker, L. D., Ritson, P. (2005). Fads, stereotypes and management gurus: Fayol and Follett today. Management Decision, 43, 10, 1335-57. 3. Kiechel, W. (2012). The management century. Harvard Business Review, 90, 11, 62-75. 4. Rodrigues, C. A. (2001). Fayols 14 principles of management then and now: A framework for managing todays organizations effectively. Management Decision, 39, 10, 880-889. 5. Mayo,G.E. (1933). The Human Problems of an Industrialized Civilization, 25,3, 33-45. 6. Volberda, H. (2012). Contingency Fit, Institutional Fit, and Firm Performance: A Metafit Approach to Organization-Environment Relationships. Organization science, 23, 4, 1040 -1055.

Eugene Richards :: essays research papers

A freelance photographer, writer and a teacher, Eugene Richards is a storyteller of the common people. Twice named U.S. magazine photographer of the year, he is often considered one of the world’s best documentary photographers for his hard hitting explorations of our society. Richards currently works with Time Life, national history and the New York Times and is the author of nine books including â€Å"below the line†, â€Å"American we† and â€Å"the knife and gun club†. All in which he uses a combination of photograph and elegantly written narrative to show an idiosyncratic portrait of the American people. Richards focus is that of the ignored; a people that otherwise have been forgotten. It’s his compassion to his subjects and his commitment to them that surpasses the act of making a pretty picture. Spending days with his subjects in the slums of Harlem or the hardly developed mountains of West Virginia he immerses himself into the frequently bitter life of his next award-winning photo. Often including word for word text of testimonials recorded by junkies and destitute farmers, Richards is able to provide an unbiased portrayal. All he has done is to select and make us look at the faces of the ignored, opinions and reactions are left to be made by the viewer. Have you ever been at the beach safely shielded by a dark pair of sunglasses and just watched? Being a silent third party to a father screaming at his seven-year-old daughter for putting the inner tube in the wrong place. People watching has for a long time been one of my favorite activities as third party you are able to see people for what they are, unbiased by already having known the person. Eugene Richards’s book has made me look at my hobby from an artistic vantagepoint. He’s made me start to think that one day I would like to be one behind a telephoto lens capturing those moments that people don’t think anyone else saw. Richards photographs have made me relies that photography is more then a point a shoot process.

Legislative Branch Essay

There are many important parts in the process of the legislative branch. The legislative branch creates laws, and during that process many things must happen. The bill must pass majority votes for the House, the Senate and then the President must sign the bill into law. If the President vetoes it, the Senate can override it. The legislative branch is very complex but important to our country’s government. The most important step of the legislative branch is when a bill becomes a law. The very intricate course that the bill takes is what legislation is all about. Since not all bills become laws, it is important that they pass majority of votes in the House and Senate. If it does not pass, the bill is destroyed and will have to start the editing journey over again. It is for this reason that the process of a bill becoming a law is a crucial step in the legislative process. The Senate’s ability to override is another very important aspect to the legislative branch. The Senate displays a very equal disbursement of each state in a fair manner, two per state. If the President vetoes a law, the Senate has the power to override it. This is very important because it assures voices from every state to be heard, rather than just the President’s. It also gives the bill another chance to become a law. The power of the Senate plays a huge role in the legislative branch. The legislative branch is the most important branch of government. It has a very elaborate process in which a bill must go through. Some aspects are more substantial than others. When a bill officially becomes a law is essential, as well as the Senate’s qualification to override the President’s decision. The complexity of the legislative lawmaking process does not undermine the importance of each step taken to create the law.

Wong Sun v. United States Case, Arguments, Impact

In Wong Sun v. United States (1963), the Supreme Court ruled that evidence uncovered and seized during an illegal arrest could not be used in court. The Court found that even verbal statements made during an unlawful arrest could not be entered into evidence. Fast Facts: Wong Sun v. United States Case Argued: March 30, 1962; April 2, 1962Decision Issued:  January 14, 1963Petitioners:  Wong Sun and James Wah ToyRespondent:  United StatesKey Questions: Were Wong Sun and James Wah Toy’s arrests lawful, and were their unsigned statements admissible as evidence?Majority Decision: Justices Warren, Black, Douglas, Brennan, and GoldbergDissenting: Justices Clark, Harlan, Stewart, and WhiteRuling: The Supreme Court held that without probable cause, the arrests were not legal. Evidence found during the subsequent illegal search was deemed inadmissible, as were the unsigned statements of the petitioners. Facts of the Case Around 6 a.m.  on June 4, 1959, a federal narcotics agent knocked on the door of James Wah Toys laundromat and home. The agent told Toy that he was interested in Toys laundry services. Toy opened the door to tell the agent that the laundromat did not open until 8 am. The agent took out his badge before Toy closed the door and identified himself as a federal narcotics agent. Toy slammed the door and took off running down the hall into his home. Agents broke down the door, searched Toys home, and placed him under arrest. They did not find any narcotics in the house.  Toy insisted that he was not selling narcotics but knew who did. He knew of a house on Eleventh Avenue where a man named Johnny sold narcotics. The agents then paid a visit to Johnny. They entered Johnny Yees bedroom and convinced him to surrender multiple tubes of heroin. Yee said Toy and another man called Sea Dog had originally sold him the drugs. Agents questioned Toy about the matter and Toy admitted that Sea Dog was a man named Wong Sun. He rode along with agents to identify Suns house. Agents arrested Wong Sun and searched his home. They found no evidence of narcotics. Over the next few days, Toy, Yee, and Wong Sun were arraigned and released on their own recognizance. A federal narcotics agent questioned each of them and prepared written statements based on notes from their interviews. Toy, Wong Sun, and Yee refused to sign the prepared statements. At trial, the district court admitted the following pieces of evidence, despite attorney objections that they were fruits of illegal entry: Toys oral statements in his bedroom at the time of his arrest;The heroin that Johnny Yee gave to agents at the time of his arrest; andUnsigned pretrial statements from Toy and Wong Sun. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reviewed the case. The appeals court found that agents did not have probable cause to arrest Toy or Wong Sun, but the items that were fruits of illegal entry were properly entered as evidence at trial. The Supreme Court took on the case, delivering individual findings for Wong Sun and Toy. Constitutional Issues Can courts lawfully admit fruits of illegal entry? Can evidence uncovered during an arrest that lacks probable cause be used against someone in court? Arguments The attorney representing Wong Sun and Toy argued that agents had illegally arrested the men. The fruits of those illegal arrests (the evidence seized) should not be allowed in court, according to the attorney. He further argued that Toys statements made to the police at the time of his arrest should be covered under the exclusionary rule. Attorneys on behalf of the government argued that the narcotics agents had sufficient probable cause to arrest both Wong Sun and Toy. When Toy spoke to narcotics agents in his bedroom, he did so out of his own free will, making the statements admissible regardless of whether the arrest was legal. Majority Opinion In a 5-4 decision delivered by Justice William J. Brennan, the court excluded all evidence related to Toys arrest, but ruled that certain evidence could be used against Wong Sun. The Arrest of Toy and Wong Sun: The majority agreed with the court of appeals that both arrests lacked sufficient probable cause. A judge would not have granted the narcotics agents an arrest warrant based on the evidence they had when arresting Toy, according to the majority. The majority also agreed that the agent at Toys door misrepresented himself and Toys decision to run down the hall could not be used as suspicion of guilt. Toys statements: According to the majority, the exclusionary rule, which prohibits evidence seized during an illegal search, applies to verbal statements as well as physical evidence. Toys statements made during an illegal arrest could not be used against him in court. Johnny Yees heroin: The heroin Johnny Yee gave agents could not be used against Toy in court, the majority argued. The heroin was not just fruit of the poisonous tree. The heroin was inadmissible because agents had uncovered it through an exploitation of illegality. However, the heroin could be used against Wong Sun in court. The majority reasoned that it was not uncovered through any exploitation of Wong Sun or an intrusion on his right to privacy. Wong Suns statement: Wong Suns statement was completely unrelated to his illegal arrest, according to the majority. It could be used in court. Toys unsigned statement: The majority ruled that Toys unsigned statement could not be corroborated by Wong Suns statement, or any other piece of evidence. The Court could not rely on it alone for a conviction. The majority offered Wong Sun a new trial in light of the findings. Dissenting Opinion Justice Tom C. Clark filed a dissent, joined by Justices John Marshall Harlan, Potter Stewart, and Byron White. Justice Clark argued that the court had created unrealistic, enlarged standards for police officers who have to make split-second decisions about whether to arrest someone. Justice Clark specifically noted that Toys decision to flee from officers should be considered probable cause. He believed that the arrests were legal and evidence should not be excluded on the basis that it was fruit of the poisonous tree. Impact Wong Sun v. United States developed the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine, ruling that even evidence distantly related to an exploitative and illegal arrest should not be used in court. Wong Sun v. United States also extended the exclusionary rule to verbal statements. While it was a landmark case, Wong Sun v. United States did not have the final word on the exclusionary rule. More recent cases have limited the reach of the rule. Sources Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963)