The Earth Free Essays

1.â Generally, climate layers are hot in the event that they contain gases that assimilate a portion of the light that infiltrates to that profundity. Straightforward layers are cool. We will compose a custom article test on The Earth or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now The temperature of a layer is commonly found by the harmony between retention of sun oriented radiation (warming) and the outflow of radiation (cooling). A planet arrives at a temperature at which there is a harmony between assimilation of sun based radiation and the emanation of infrared radiation by the planet’s surface. The material in the environment, which ingests sunlight based radiation most effectively in ozone. Ozone assimilates electromagnetic waves in the bright frequency band. It fundamentally lives in the stratosphere. In any case, emanation and retention of earthbound radiation happen at any levels, and the sums are bigger as temperature is higher. Retention of sun oriented radiation, then again, is generally restricted to the ozone layer. Thusly, coming about harmony temperature is high in the ozone layer and low somewhere else. The piece of sunlight based radiation that transmit through the ozone layer, however fairly consumed in air constituents and mists, for the most part shows up at the outside (of ocean and land) and is retained there. In the troposphere, the environment will in general lose vitality by radiation alone, however it is repaid by the vitality move from the surface by methods for vertical movement of air (for example by convection), and generally high temperature is kept up. The vertical conveyance of temperature in the troposphere is basically decided as the consequence of convection. The air transmits earthly radiation descending just as upward. Along these lines, earthbound radiation from the air shows up at the surface notwithstanding sunlight based radiation transmitted through the climate. The air, containing water fume and carbon dioxide, likewise assimilates a huge piece of earthbound radiation discharged by the surface. The surface air temperature as a general rule (roughly 287 K) is essentially higher than the temperature of the radiation produced by the earth to space (255 K), due with the impact of the environment retaining and re-discharging earthbound radiation. Stratospheric cooling and tropospheric warming are personally associated, through radiative procedures, yet in addition through dynamical procedures, for example, the development, engendering and ingestion of planetary waves. At present not all reasons for the watched stratospheric cooling are totally comprehended. 2.â The Earth’s rotational hub is slanted 23.5 degrees from the opposite to the plane of the Earth’s circle. The direction of the Earth’s pivot comparative with the Sun and its beams changes constantly as our planet speeds along its orbital way. Two times per year the Earth’s pivot is situated opposite to the Sun’s beams, when all spots on Earth with the exception of the shafts experience equivalent times of light and murkiness. These occasions are the equinoxes, the main long stretches of spring and fall, and they happen approximately March 21 and September 23, separately. The Earth’s rotational hub is situated at the best edge from its opposite equinox direction to the Sun’s beams on the solstices †approximately June 21 and December 21. As the Earth circles the Sun, the slanted hub makes the Northern Hemisphere tilt towards the Sun for half of the year, for example the spring and summer seasons in North America. During this time, the greater part of the Northern Hemisphere is in daylight at any moment of time. During the other portion of the year, for example the fall and winter seasons in North America, the hub inclines away and not exactly 50% of the Northern Hemisphere is in daylight. The inclining of the Southern Hemisphere comparative with the Sun’s beams advances in inverse style, turning around its seasons comparative with those in the Northern Hemisphere. The changing direction of the Earth’s hub to the Sun’s beams decides the length of sunshine and the way of the Sun as it goes through the sky at each area on Earth. The consistent change in the rakish connection between the Earth’s pivot and the Sun’s beams makes the day by day length of light shift during the time whereve r on Earth with the exception of at the equator. At the equator the every day time of light is that for quite a while. The changing way of the Sun through the sky produces throughout the year a recurrent variety in the measures of sun powered radiation got that show greatest close the equinoxes and least close to the solstices. The moderately little variety in the measures of sunlight based vitality got throughout the year produces seasons very unique in relation to those accomplished at higher scopes. Away from the tropics, the varieties in the measures of sun based radiation got throughout the year increment as scope increments. The measures of daylight got show one least and one greatest in their yearly swings. The posts have the best range since the Sun is in their skies ceaselessly for a half year and afterward underneath the skyline for the other half year. Every single occasional change are driven by changes in the measure of the Sun’s vitality arriving at the Earth’s surface (i.e., the measure of insolation). For instance, more vitality prompts higher temperatures, which brings about more dissipation, which delivers more downpour, which starts plants developing. This succession portrays spring at mid-scopes. Since obvious light is the primary type of sun based vitality arriving at Earth, day length is a sensibly exact approach to measure the degree of insolation and has for quite some time been utilized as an approach to comprehend when one season stops and the following one beginnings. 3.â Temperature is a number that is identified with the normal motor vitality of the particles of a substance. In the event that temperature is estimated in Kelvin degrees, at that point this number is straightforwardly corresponding to the normal motor vitality of the atoms. Warmth is an estimation of the absolute vitality in a substance. That all out vitality is comprised of not just of the active energies of the particles of the substance, yet all out vitality is additionally comprised of the expected energies of the atoms. In this way, temperature isn't vitality. It is, however, a number that identifies with one kind of vitality controlled by the atoms of a substance. Since including heat vitality for the most part brings about a temperature rise, individuals regularly befuddle warmth and temperature. In like manner discourse, the two terms mean the equivalent: â€Å"I will warm it† implies I will include heat; â€Å"I will warm it up† implies I will expand the temperature. Nobody for the most part tries to recognize these. Including heat, nonetheless, doesn't generally expand the temperature. For example, when water is bubbling, including heat doesn't build its temperature. This occurs at the bubbling temperature of each substance that can disintegrate. At the bubbling temperature, including heat vitality changes over the fluid into a gas without raising the temperature. At the point when vitality is added to a fluid at the bubbling temperature, its believers the fluid into a gas at a similar temperature. For this situation, the vitality added to the fluid goes into breaking the bonds between the fluid particles without making the temperature change. Something very similar happens when a strong changes into fluid. For example, ice and water can exist together at the softening temperature. Adding warmth to ice-water slush will change over a portion of the ice to water without changing the temperature. As a rule, at whatever point there is a difference in state, for example, the strong fluid or the fluid gas progress, heat vitality can be included without a temperature change. The difference in state requires vitality; so included vitality goes into that as opposed to expanding the temperature. The Celsius scale has been aligned to the physical properties of unadulterated water. It represents the hugeness of water as physical issue in all structures. The typical the point of solidification of water was set as 0  °C and the ordinary breaking point of water was set at 100  °C. 4.â I have picked following air optical impacts to inspect and depict. Illusions are optical marvels delivered by refraction of light beams through air layers with enormous temperature inclinations. A mediocre illusion (for example it shows up beneath its real position) happens when the temperature at first abatements quickly with tallness. Light beams from the sky traveling through the layers will be refracted upward in the less thick air (for example twisted toward the denser air) giving the presence of a layer of water. When seen starting from the earliest stage water a prevalent illusion (for example it shows up over its genuine position) happens when there is an articulated reversal close to the surface, and typically over the ocean or a huge waterway. A far off article inside the reversal layer, in any event, something beneath the skyline, will show up in the sky over its genuine position †perhaps absolutely topsy turvy or the upper segment topsy turvy, however surely twisted and faltering. A rainbow is the climatic optical marvel seen by sun powered light’s being reflected and refracted by the round water drops gliding noticeable all around. Since the refraction point fluctuates in the frequency of the light, rainbow appears to be separated into seven hues from inside blue to external red. The onlooker will see this grouping of reflected light beams as an escalated hued light band. This band comprises of the main reflection beams from all the raindrops which lie on the outside of a cone, subtended at the spectators eye, with a rakish span of 42â ° from a pivot line drawn from the sun (legitimately behind the onlooker) through the observer’s head and stretched out down-sun to the antisolar point for example beneath the skyline where the shadow of the observer’s head may be. The Parhelia. At the point when ice gems are dispersed on some condition in the sky, we can watch the chunks of light like the two suns in both si

Surfing Is Supposed To Be Para :: essays research papers

Surfing is Supposed to be Paradise Each time another 'immaculate heaven'; is found, the main thing everybody needs to do is visit it. By their unified eagerness to discover these 'asylums'; individuals carry the confine of society with them. Quickly it gets important to raise bars to keep individuals out. William Tucker 'Is Nature Too Good For Us?'; William Tucker's paper 'Is Nature Too Good For Us'; talks about the intricacies with the ecological development to put aside parcels as wild. One of the central matters of Tucker's contention raises the issue with saving common land as wild is that these wild heavens frequently strife with individuals' longing to visit these heavens and experience them. Exhaust utilizes the case of Kauai as a heaven that has been demolished by the abuse and overpopulation. Exhaust depicts how in 1964 the Sierra Club put out an article on the moderately obscure island and by 1979 Time magazine ran an article in which a portion of the nearby individuals communicated their craving to keep outcasts out. The issue of securing heaven is a fervently discussed subject that is right now being battled about by surfers. To a surfer nothing is more compensating than the pursuit and revelation of impeccable uncrowded waves. This idea of the quest for uncrowded surf was brought to the consideration of the overall population with the 1963 arrival of Bruce Brown's The Endless Summer. The film archived two surfers making a trip the world over to fascinating regions recently left unexplored by the surfers of Western human progress. The pictures that Brown took back to standard film screens perpetually changed the lives of surfers. This film changed how surfers saw the world. Never again were surfers limited to their neighborhood coastlines, they were vaccinated with want to search out their own heaven. Â Â Â Â Â Over the years numerous surfers have discovered their little bit of heaven and never left. Rather these surfers have selected to spend the remainder of their lives riding the waves they at first had expected to simply visit and experience. They never left these sea shores on the grounds that the waves were uncrowded and the sea shores were stunningly lovely. Contrast this with the cutting edge mechanical places in the U.S, for example, Los Angeles or San Francisco and you can perceive any reason why surfers are continually scanning for heaven. Surfers become weary of surfing in swarmed, contaminated, and poor wave delivering regions, so they travel.

Investigating Number of Stomata on a Leaf

Lab Design â€Å"Investigate the impact of a factor on the quantity of stomata of a leaf. † Research Question: How do varying leaf statures influence the number/thickness of stomata of a leaf? Theory Stomata are pores, regularly found under the leaf (lower epidermis), that control the gas trade of transpiration, where water fume leaves the plants, and carbon dioxide enters. I foresee that the stomatal thickness on high leafs is higher than on low leafs. During photosynthesis the chloroplasts in the leaf cells orchestrate ATP from ADP because of presentation to light, while oxygen is created as a side-effect of the photosynthetic reaction.Carbon dioxide, which enters the plant through dispersion by means of the stomata, is required for this procedure (photosynthesis) to happen. At the point when the chloroplasts in the leafs cell is presented to higher light forces, more ATP is combined from ADP, while creation of the side-effect oxygen additionally increments. This expansion i n the pace of photosynthesis calls for more â€Å"fuel†, I. e. Carbon dioxide. So for a higher convergence of carbon dioxide to diffuse into the plant, the plant must grow a more prominent stomatal thickness (higher number of stomata).This will make a bigger surface territory for carbon dioxide dispersion, the discharge of water fume (transpiration) and the a lot of oxygen being delivered. As the higher leafs are presented to higher light forces I foresee the stomatal thickness to be high. Lower leafs are presented to bring down light forces due to, for instance, concealing by top leafs, and will so have a lower stomatal thickness than high leafs. Factors Controlled: Type of plant-The kind of plant that will be utilized will remain the equivalent, I. e. controlled.The sort of plant that is utilized for this investigation is called Quercus Ilex. Measure of leafs (10 ‘high' leafs, 10 ‘low' leafs)- the guarantee reasonable testing the quantity of leaves tried from ev ery factor will be the equivalent. Contraption utilized Same set up each time. Magnifying lens amplification (400x)- Magnification at which the quantity of stomata will be tallied at will be at an amplification of 400x. Autonomous Variable: Leaf Source-The leaf source with respect to the ‘high' and ‘low' leafs is the variable which will be changed to test the distinction in number of stomata of the two variables.Distance between high/low leafs-The separation between the stature at which ‘low' and at which ‘high' leaves were picked each time must be of at least 20cm to guarantee conceivable outcomes. Lower epidermis of leaf used to tally stomatal thickness Because Quercus Ilex is a dicotyledonous plant, the quantity of stomata on the lower epidermis will be higher than on the upper epidermis. This is on the grounds that dicotyledonous plants hold up their leaves on a level plane, which legitimately enlightens the lower epidermis. Along these lines, to forestal l water misfortune, less stomata will at that point be situated on the upper epidermis. Subordinate Variable:Stomatal Density of high leafs Stomatal Density of low leafs Apparatus/Material 10 high leafs 10 low leafs Clear nail clean Slides Pincette Microscope Clear Tape Calculator Method Find a leaf source that has a noteworthy range from which you will gather your leafs from all through the whole test. Decide a low region, of little range starting from the earliest stage, the source from which you will pick 10 ‘low' leafs. Rehash stage 2, then again, actually the territory must be at an expanded tallness separation of in any event 20cm, to guarantee a reasonable test and assortment of ‘high' leafs from a higher zone than that of the ‘low' leafs.Choose a leaf of which the stomatal thickness is to be analyzed yet don't take it out the plant. This is so the plants photosynthetic procedure won't be upset which could prompt change in the leafs characteristic state and influence your outcomes. Paint a layer of clear nail clean on the lower epidermis of the leaf and hold up until it has dried. Utilize your tweezers to tenderly strip off the dried layer of nail clean. Tenderly strip the region of dried nail clean from the leaf totally. You should see an overcast impression of leaf surface on the bit of tape. This is the leaf impression. Spot the leaf impression to a clean slide.Label the slide for ID if fundamental. Center the leaf impression under a magnifying lens amplification of 40x until it is engaged and watch the leaf impression. Discover a zone that is perfect of thumbprints, away from the edge of impression, has no harmed territories or huge leaf vein impressions in see. At the point when centered, watch the impression under an expanded magnifying instrument amplification of 100x and ensure it is engaged. At the point when centered, watch the impression under an expanded magnifying lens amplification of 400x, the amplification at which you will tally the quantity of stomata, and focus.Count the quantity of stomata you find in the field of view and record the number in a table under the pertinent variable (‘high' or ‘low' leaf). To guarantee a reasonable test, rehash stages 9-13 two times by picking another spot on a similar leaf to concentrate on. Utilize the higher number of the 2 rehashes to locate the normal later on. Rehash stages 1-14 ten times for the 10 high leafs and 10 low leafs. Crude Data: How contrasting leaf statures influence the number/thickness of stomata of a leaf One control that was done to the crude information to help make it increasingly valuable for translation was the adjusting of ? Normal # of stomata of ?Final?.. and so on? , on the grounds that right off the bat a stomata can't be available in the amount of a decimal and also, with the goal that when drawing the chart all numbers have a similar number of huge figures which will deliver a neater and progressively exact diagram. Pr epared Data: How contrasting leaf statures influence the number/thickness of stomata of a leaf Magnification: 400x Field of View (FOV) measurement: 0. 45 mm Radius (r ): 0. 225 mm Surface Area (SA)/mm? N (? r? ) : 3. 14 x (0. 225)? = 0. 159 mm? |Leaf |# of stomata of ‘High' Leafs per 0. 159 mm? 2 Stomata) | |1 |2 |Final | |1 |39 |35 |39 | |2 |52 |56 | |3 |32 |38 | |4 |50 |40 |50 | |5 |37 |34 |37 | |6 |53 |47 |53 | |7 |45 |42 |45 | |8 |43 |50 | |9 |53 |49 |53 | |10 |42 |39 |42 | |Average # of stomata of ‘Final' per 0. 159 mm?  ± 2 Stomata) | |46 | Graphs Graph including prepared information preliminary 1 and 2 for High and Low leafs: Blue: # of stomata on High leafs per 0. 159 mm? , preliminary 1 Red: # of stomata on High leafs per 0. 159 mm? , preliminary 2 Yellow: # of stomata on Low leafs per 0. 159 mm? , preliminary 1 Green: # of stomata on Low leafs per 0. 159 mm? , preliminary 2 Graph including prepared information ‘Final's outcomes for High and Low leafs: H igh Leafs: Mean worth line with esteem 46. 3, standard deviation: 6. 993 Low Leafs: Mean worth line with esteem 26. 2, standard deviation: 2. 3 Calculations Difference in mean > 46. †26. 2 = 20. 1 Difference in S. D. > 6. 993 †2. 3 = 4. 693 Because the standard deviations are substantially less than the distinction in the mean number of stomata, all things considered, the distinction in the mean number of stomata between High Leafs and Low Leafs is critical. T-TEST Null speculation: The quantity of stomata on high leafs and low leafs are not extraordinary. The distinctions in the informational collections are the consequence of chance variety just and they are not so much unique. Mean of # of stomata on High Leafs: 46. 3 Mean of # of stomata on Low Leafs: 26. 2 t=8. 63 Degrees of freedom= (10+10)â€2= 18 Critical incentive for t=2. 101 (P= 0. 05) Conclusion

The Case of Amanuel and His Political Asylum Claim in The United Kingdom - Free Essay Example

The Case of Amanuel and His Political Asylum Claim in The United Kingdom I. Introduction This paper will establish that Amanuel has an appropriate case for refugee status in the United Kingdom on the basis of a legitimate claim for political asylum. The analysis that shall provide the underpinning for this legal conclusion is developed upon the following framework à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a summary of the salient facts extracted from the scenario as presented; a review of the applicable international, European Community and United Kingdom conventions, statutes, regulations and case law that govern such claims; a critique of the Home Office position that is provided as the UK government opposition to Amanuels claim; the consideration of any further circumstances not specifically noted in the scenario that are submitted as operative in similar applications. It is also submitted that were an appropriately constituted UK immigration tribunal to deny Amanuels claim for refugee status based on his asylum claim, Amanuel would properly qualify for the alternative relief of a temporary stay based upon humanitarian reasons in accordance with UK law. It is noted that while there is a graphic quality to the facts, care as been taken to approach the issues as clinically and as dispassionately as possible. There is merit in the Home Office representation that on an international scale, the present case is not nearly the most serious of matters; asylum applications generally fit between a range of pure political disagreements with a particular regime, to the wholesale displacement of peoples, acts of genocide and systematic abuses directed at identified groups within a particular country. Notwithstanding the relative lesser degree of physical harm experienced by Amanuel and his hear family, it is contended that the cumulative effect of th e events presented provide an appropriate basis for asylum in the UK. II. The relevant facts The following facts are extracted from the scenario and presented as those essential to the legal issues framed by the statutes and the accompanying jurisprudence. Where an element of the scenario is not highlighted, such as Amanuels status as a law student, it is presumed to be irrelevant to the asylum analysis. (1) Ethiopia has a lengthy history of political unrest, prolonged sectarian violence and general national disharmony. It is a nation of extreme poverty where ruling parties are dictatorships that have generally have maintained control either as direct instruments of the military or otherwise backed by military rule. Amanuels claim must be assessed in the context of this history; it is not an isolated example. The ongoing conflicts in neighbouring Eritrea have produced an additional humanitarian burden, as thousands of Eritreans fleeing their nations civil war have fled to Ethiopia as refugees. (2) Political asylum as a component of refugee claims has become an i ncreasingly common aspect of this process throughout the world. The UK and European case law cited in this paper are only a representative sampling of the larger body of jurisprudence that considers this complex issue. Further, Ethiopian refugee claims made to the UK have been a subject of specific Parliamentary concern; over 450 Ethiopian claimants were denied status in 2007. (3) For the purposes of the present analysis, the Ethiopian Democratic Party (EDP) is presumed to be a legitimate political organization, i.e. one that is democratically constituted, with a party constitution or similar normal position that disavows terrorism or similar methods that are contrary to international law. Amanuel is not an applicant whose background or political involvement would otherwise disqualify him from the accepted definition of refugee. (4) It is accepted that the EDP constitute a political opposition target for the Ethiopian government. Amanuel and his family are bona fide membe rs of the EDP and their personal political convictions are legitimate self-expression; the actions undertaken by Amanuel in the course of his dealings with the government and its police arms are not a contrivance created to secure asylum; as noted below, some of the actions such as attending at a police station to complain may have been foolhardy, but they were not manufactured asylum seeking grounds. The circumstances surrounding the disappearance of Saleh are consistent with this position. However, these particular facts only corroborate Amanuels position (recognising they are largely hearsay assertions) , as opposed to constituting stand alone persuasive evidence of the risks faced by Amanuel and his family in Ethiopia. (3) The cumulative effect of the events in 2006 concerning the house search by the Ethiopian police is also supportive of Amanuels position. As with the poorly corroborated evidence of Salehs disappearance, the weight to be attached to the single incid ent involving the search of Amanuels family is limited. This proposition is advanced in recognition that the official reason for the search is a seemingly dubious pretext, but the acts of threatened and actual violence directed to Amanuel, his mother Mary and his young sister are themselves not sufficient grounds on which to build a refugee cliam. The totality of the circumstances is important to the analysis provided below. (4) The arrest and beating of Amanuel for his comments concerning the Ethiopian Constitution are relevant on two distinct bases. The first is that Amanuels ability to freely express himself concerning the scope of constitutional protection is very limited; the statements that he made were legitimate self-expression in any Western democracy, a fact that is also not determinative of the issues. However, by being labeled a criminal and opponent of the governing regime is evidence that Amanuels long term safety is directly related to his political views. There is a second and insidious element to this portion of the scenario. It may be concluded that given the swift official response to Amanuels comments made in the relative obscurity of a law class, the government are monitoring his words and actions. This circumstance is consistent with someone who is now a targeted political opponent, and when taken together with the other facts identified in the scenario, these circumstances provide a compelling prima facie factual basis on which to consider the legal elements of the asylum application. III. The Legal Framework As noted in the Introduction, the legal framework against which the identified facts must be applied has three constituent elements, the relative importance of each to a UK application is considered below. These elements are the International law; the applicable EU provisions; UK statutes and related case law. (1) International law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the United Nations Convention The convention is a component of international law that has been incorporated by specific reference into EU and UK law. The definition of refugee is central to Amanuels position; he must establish that he has a well-founded fear of persecution that is a result of his political opinions; he must also establish that he is unable to obtain the requisite protection of his rights in Ethiopia from the domestic authorities. (2) European Union refugee provisions The EU provisions concerning asylum and refugee status are consistent with the general UN approach. In recent years, a significant body of EU case law has developed concerning the distinction between an asylum seeker and economic migrants. The Hague Programme has four distinct elements, of which the qualification Directive is the most pertinent to Amanuels case.The central theme of this jurisprudence has been the stated fear that bogus asylum seekers will subvert the legitimate asylum claims; the EU approach is therefore directed to the prevention of illegal immigration that is cloaked in refugee clothing. The ECHR provides a clear prohibition against the forced return of any person to their country of origin by a member state where the subject may be detained or tortured for their political views. By virtue of the Human Rights Act, 1998, this provision is submitted as operative in UK law. (3) The UK Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act (NIA) and the relevant case law As a general proposition, the UK applies the UN Convention definition of refugee as stated above.The NIA also provides that an asylum c laim must be made as soon as reasonably possible upon the claimants arrival in the UK. It is noted that not only has Amanuel evidently complied with this provision, he brings proverbial clean hands to his application, in contrast to asylum seekers who make their applications based on false travel documents or whose application is advanced after they are held by UK authorities for failing to comply with entry provisions. A large subset of the UK case law decided in the past 15 years on refugee issues has centred on the overarching question of asylum overload as a threat to the general stability of UK society.In particular, the Court of Appeal has noted that the often stated right to asylum is nothing of the sort. The Court has emphatically determined in a series of decisions that refugee status is not the equivalent of an international passport in the UK, the right extends only to the ability to apply, not the acceptance of the claim by the state. The UK cases have also d elineated the distinction between certain torture and imprisonment for ones political views on return to the country of origin, versus the degree of risk faced by the applicant of such a consequence. It is noted that as with all other elements of refugee claims, the UK courts do not assess the evidence to an absolute standard. The House of Lords definitions as established in the 1988 decision of Sivakumuran are applicable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the fear of persecution must be well founded, with a reasonable degree of likelihood that the applicant will be subjected to such treatment, not proof beyond a reasonable doubt. The standard must apply whether the subjects return is voluntary or involuntary. IV. The Home Office position à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a critique The Home Office position as expressed in the scenario requires careful attention. There are aspects of the position that are frankly illogical; these are specifically noted below. However, as with the general thrust of Amanuels claim, the best approach to the Home Office views is to determine whether its cumulative effect, like that of the Amanuel claim, provides a persuasive basis on which to reject the asylum application. The Home Office position at its highest may be summarised as one that acknowledges that Amanuel and his family face a difficult time in Ethiopia given their political views. The Home Office position must not be taken as a sanction or otherwise endorse the methods employed by the Ethiopian government to quell apparent legitimate dissent. For the Home Office, the matter is clearly one of degree. Amanuels case, while regrettable in the extreme, does not in its eyes approach the stark circumstances necessary to grant the powerful remedy of asylum. Implici t in the Home Office position is a recognition that asylum cases are plagued by a lack of third party verification or other independent evidence; it is generally the word of Amanuel as to the degree of his and his families difficulties with the government that are at the heart of his case. This is a legitimate concern but not an insurmountable barrier in the present application. This observation is made in the notwithstanding the patent illogic of elements of the Home Office position. The most obvious of these are: (i) The Ethiopian governmental ability to keep records is not proof of anything; if an enemy of the state were detained in contravention of international law, it is logical that the prisoner not be listed on an official record (ii) Amanuel went looking for trouble by attending the police station, yet his pursuit of a complaint is evidence that Ethiopia provides a meaningful complaints process to its citizens (iii) The apparent acceptance of normal police a ctivity in Ethiopia as including a beating or threats of physical violence However, even with such circumstances stripped away from the Home Office position, the totality of the evidence and the conclusion that Amanuels case falls short of the requisite legal standard cannot be rejected out of hand. IV. Other Circumstances This paper establishes that Amanuels application must fall within the ambit of current UK refugee law. In the alternative, if he were to be unsuccessful in his application on the basis that the evidence tendered is not sufficiently compelling or it otherwise lacks sufficient third party verification, Amanuel has established that on a humanitarian basis he ought to be permitted a temporary stay on humanitarian grounds. Taken in totality, notwithstanding questions of sufficiency, there is no question that Amanuel faces a threat to his personal safety if he were compelled to return to Ethiopia. The immediate government response to his in-class opinions concerning the Ethiopian Constitution is powerful evidence in this respect. V. Conclusion It is submitted that no single incident as alleged by Amanuel in the present scenario will provide a sufficient factual basis on which a viable asylum application can be advanced under UK law, a jurisprudence that encompasses the relevant provisions of UN and EU asylum law. When the facts are assessed in totality, it is submitted that Amanuel should succeed with his refugee claim. Whether his action in provoking the local government as discussed were foolhardy is not a disqualification of his claim. A plain and uninterrupted linkage can be made between his political views and the likely harm that will befall him if he must return to Ethiopia.

Supply Chain Management of Sanofi Aventis - 5271 Words

[pic] Introduction 2 1.1 Broad Objective 2 1.2 Specific Objectives 2 1.3 Scope 2 1.4 Methodology 3 1.5 Limitation 3 VALUES: 4 MISSION OF SUPPLY CHAIN 5 STRCTURE OF THE SUPPLY CHAIN 6 DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES: 9 KEY FIGURES DISTRIBUTION 9 MAPPING OF PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION 10 DISTRIBUTION PROCESS FLOW CHART 11 Definition-Target: 12 Addresses: 12 Target: 12 Field of application: 13 General Rules of Finished Goods Stock Cover: 13 Stock Policy / Product Life: 13 Standard Rules of Finished Products Stocks Cover: 14 Optimized practice of stocks targeting: 16 RAG/VMI products Stocks Cover Target (on hand, available to sale): 16 RAG/VMI Products Stocks Cover Targets: 17 Monitoring Rules-†¦show more content†¦| |Performance |The key to future | 9 10 MISSION OF SUPPLY CHAIN Develop the best Service to Customers by managing: ââ€" ª With a single teamShow MoreRelatedThe Impacts of Mncs in the Economy of Bangladesh14643 Words   |  59 PagesAmong them Standard Chartered bank (BD) ltd, British American Tobacco (BAT) Bangladesh ltd. is most renown. 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Eli Lilly had grown to become one of the leading pharmaceutical companies in the United States, andRead MoreGlobal Pharmaceutical Industry Analysis7049 Words   |  29 PagesSwitzerland 53,324 7,125 11,053 138,000 2 Pfizer USA 48,371 7,599 19,337 122,200 3 Bayer Germany 44,200 1,791 6,450 106,200 4 GlaxoSmithKline United Kingdom 42,813 6,373 10,135 106,000 5 Johnson and Johnson USA 37,020 5,349 7,202 102,695 6 Sanofi-Aventis France 35,645 5,565 5,033 100,735 7 Hoffmann–La Roche Switzerland 33,547 5,258 7,318 100,289 8 AstraZeneca UK/Sweden 26,475 3,902 6,063 50,000+ 9 Merck Co. 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GSK has a product portfolio with a significant cash flow position this in turn has spurred on a meaningful gearing by GSK management. This puts the company firmly in a star performing position. With asset consolidation of $23.5bn USD over three years, the company is likely to attain double-digit earnings growth, with mid-digit growth in 2012 impacted by generic competition. Read MoreMergers Acquisitions in Pharma Industry21425 Words   |  86 PagesIndia GSK’s success in India has been based on several key success factors: Local Strategy within Global Framework Within the guidelines of ethical business and medical practices, GSK Plc has given a fair amount of autonomy to the local management in running the India business. The company’s country specific strategy, perseverance and willingness to work with the policy makers have contributed greatly to its success in India. In-licensing To augment its portfolio and to counter theRead MoreLOreal - Business Policy and Strategy8843 Words   |  36 Pagesthis Committee is to ensure that the General Management is provided with information enabling it to identify and manage the economic, financial and legal risks faced by the group both inside and outside France in its routine and exceptional operations. The Management and Remuneration Committee (3 members)This Committee assists, in complete independence, the Chairman and the Board in their review of succession plans for the groups senior management positions. It reviews the composition of the

The I-Function And Alzheimers Disease Where is The Person

The I-Function And Alzheimers Disease: Where is The Person? Alzheimers disease (AD) is a serious form of dementia that involves the destruction of brain cells, and ultimately leads to death (1). What makes AD such a frightening disease, for both the patient and their family members, is the loss of self associated with the dementia. Those afflicted with AD cant understand the changes going on within themselves. Family members are upset by the loss of the person they once knew. It is common for daughters (for example) to say that a mother in the later stages of AD is not their mom because the personality displayed by the patient is so different from the personality they associate with mom. In order to decide how the sense†¦show more content†¦The personality changes can be alarming. A gentle, artistic mother can suddenly exhibit violent behavior (4). AD patients, often inappropriately, may also exhibit hypersexuality (5). Increased apathy, social reclusion, erratic moods, paranoia, and other general personality changes may also result from the onset of AD (6). These personality changes, and other symptoms of AD, can all be linked to the gradual degeneration of the patients brain. As the brain deteriorates, so do the functions controlled by the brain, such as spatial orientation, bladder control, and personality. Linking personality to the functions of the brain raises the question of whether deterioration of the brain due to Alzheimers disease changes the self of an AD patient with respect to the disease. Although it is hard to make concrete judgements, logically it is possible to consider the self unchanged. As an individual progresses from infant to adult, t hat individual is still considered to be the same person. Yet a great many changes have gone on in the brain of that person, corresponding to a gradual change in personality. 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A lot is still largely unknown about the disease and current studies aim to categorize, provide infrastructure, provide early detection as well as research possible treatments for the disease (Aggarwal, Neelum)Read MoreThe man to discover Alzheimer’s disease was Alois Alzheimer he discovered it after a patient with700 Words   |  3 PagesThe man to discover Alzheimer’s disease was Alois Alzheimer; he discovered it after a patient with an abnormal mental illness passed. Alzheimer’s, also known as AD, is named after Alois Alzheimer and is a continuing loss of brain function that affects thinking skills, such as forming or retrieving memories and judgment. I th ink that it took him so long to discover that it was a new disease because Alzheimer’s can be so subtle that only a drastic change in the view of the brain can show the outcomeRead MoreGenetics, Brain Structure and Behavior1552 Words   |  7 PagesStructure, and Behavior Presentation Evaluation. 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TattooingBody Piercing Essay Research Paper There are free essay sample

Tattooing/Body Piercing Essay, Research Paper There are assorted facets through which people, particularly youth, place themselves. Peoples are ever directing some kind of communicating out at all times, whether it is subconscious or non. Images and manners are adopted which communicate significances about the person to his/her equals and to society. Manners of frock, linguistic communication, music, and dance are some of the ways that portray one # 8217 ; s ain unique symbols, values, and significances. One other such signifier of individuality is through organic structure alteration, peculiarly tattooing and organic structure piercing. In today # 8217 ; s society people have adopted the new manner or tendency of organic structure alteration. There are many grounds in which people obtain piercings and tattoos. Those who modify, manipulate and mangle their organic structures do so for many grounds. Some say it # 8217 ; s merely exciting and enjoyable, or portion of the latest craze. Others place it in the context of art, ritu al or self-expression-they say it # 8217 ; s an act with cultural and societal significance. In contrast, many people can # 8217 ; t understand why person would take to set so many holes in their organic structure or cut their tegument. They see body alteration as suicidal, much like anorexia or binge-eating syndrome. Below I will speak about why, what, where, and how people modify their organic structure and how people look upon them. Young person and adolescence is one of, if non the most, important and influential minutes in one # 8217 ; s life, when young person are seeking their individuality of who they are. Tattooing and piercing are one of the many ways through which young person may show their individuality, for they are symbolic representations of how the ego is conceived or understood. Peoples may besides desire themselves to be portrayed as person who they are non. For illustration, person gets a tattoo or earrings merely to look # 8220 ; tough # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; cool # 8221 ; . Geting a piercing or tattoo symbolises a certain alteration in 1s life. These alterations, no affair how small letter they may look, hold a immense impact on a individual # 8217 ; s individuality. Normally when a young person gets a tattoo or earring, they are symbolizing their adulthood by eventually being able to do a determination on their ain and taking affairs into their ain custodies. Body alteration is clearly a a gency by which young person seek to displace authorization and etiquette. Most young person Don # 8217 ; t believe about the lasting affect it has on there subsequently life when they begin to modify their organic structure. Yes, piercings you can take out but tattoos will ever be at that place, particularly in the concern universe, tattoos are nil to be desired and that you could perchance put on the line a occupation because of it. Body piercing is believed to be a self-imposed rite of transition. By this I mean that people, in general, experience an natural thrust to undergo some kind of a rite of transition. If society denies them this, they may make one for themselves in order to experience as though they have a topographic point in society. Almost everyone has been tempted to acquire a tattoo or piercing, but did you of all time inquire your self why you wanted one? This theory tries to explicate that it is natural and natural and perchance even necessary in order to happen your topographic point in society. Along with this thought, there is a construct that deals with the issue of hurting. Because civilization in Western society merely allows for hurting in cases of accidents and gestation, people find other ways of sing such hurting. This hurting can non assist but alter one # 8217 ; s mentality on life in some manner. Everyone will see some kind of hurting in his or her life, whether it is physical or e motional. After any such experience, you are bound to look at life in a different, and perchance better manner. Tattooing and piercing can besides be blamed on the thought of # 8220 ; skiping on the bandwagon # 8221 ; . The media plays the figure one function in the influence of this. Look at our function theoretical accounts: Dennis Rodman, successful hoops drama ; most of the music industry, professional skateboarders and snowboarders. All of these people have some kind of organic structure alteration. What does a child think when their favourite hoops participant or music group are pierced and tattooed from caput to pick? He wants to be merely like them and all the talk from their seniors about non being successful because of the manner you look goes right out the window. Nowadays every other teenage miss that you see has her naval pierced. Where do you believe that they get this? The magazines they read, the shows they watch, and the music they listen to all have an consequence on young person. Teenage magazines advance this as the latest craze that everyone should acquire. They show these beautiful theoretical accounts with tattoos and piercings. Once person begins to modify their organic structure they begin to portion a common individuality among their equals. The single learns to categorise people based upon visual aspects and put them into several classs of how to expect and construe behaviour, or how to or how non to interact with them. Body alteration is one of the features of manner that demonstrates a committedness and association to a specific group. Tattooing is normally cited as a tribal badge that signifies individuality with the likes of military forces, captives, packs ( bike, street, condemnable organisations, etc. ) athleticss squads, or young person civilizations. The inquiry so arises as to whether or non the significance behind tattooing and piercing lose their significances, particularly when comparing the difference between the act as religious transmutation and as a # 8220 ; cool craze # 8221 ; . It is more than probably that those who pursue organic structure alteration as a cultural tendency will fling it for the following # 8220 ; large thing # 8221 ; . One point to observe is that the mainstreaming of organic structure alteration has been more within piercing than tattooing, the difference of which is that jewellery from piercing can ever be removed, hence it is impermanent. Possibly popular civilization is really cognizant of the permanency of tattooing, while other signifiers of alteration such as branding are non even considered. Peoples have found many different topographic points and ways to tattoo or pierce their organic structure. The most common piercings today are the ears, lingua, lip, nose, supercilium and mammilla. Tattoos scope anyplace from skulls, serpents, and firedrakes to roses, or even names or images that signify a particular individual or minute in 1s life. These different tattoos and piercings each send out different messages to people giving them a first feeling of who you are. Person with skulls and images of hatred all over their organic structure might direct out a chilling or daunting message. Some people are afraid to speak to people like this. This type of tattoo sends out a certain message of authorization. Person who has a tattoo of their female parent, male parent, gramps, etc. sends out a certain sympathetic message stating that they loved this individual in a heartfelt way and they died. In the universe today, people are at a changeless battle with each other over employment. One individual is more qualified than the following and employers want to engage the best individual for the occupation. What feeling would the employer acquire if person came on an interview with piercings and tattoos? The employer would believe that this individual truly doesn # 8217 ; t want the occupation because he/she doesn # 8217 ; t care about their visual aspect. Unfortunately people are really stereotyped and do judge a book by its screen. The concern universe is really conservative and that # 8217 ; s how you should look. It would be highly uncommon to see people with tattoos all over and piercings everyplace

University Students find it Hard to get Jobs after Graduation

For most students, joining a college or university of their choice is the first step towards realizing their career goals. Most college students are optimistic of getting a job in the discipline they have majored in upon graduation. Getting a job is also enough reason for fresh graduates to move away from home and be independent of their parents.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on University Students find it Hard to get Jobs after Graduation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This would enable them to start paying their personal bills and university loans, and also to begin saving for retirement. Every year, our universities churn out seas of graduates to a labor market that is shrinking by the day. The sad thing is that most of these institutions of higher learning rarely prepare graduates for the challenges that they encounter after completing their tertiary education. The national outlook of the job market is very bleak. For example, most graduates are already finding it very hard to secure a job interview. This means that getting a job is even harder. Over 2.4 million students were awarded associates and bachelor’s degrees in 2010, and the number was projected to increase in 2011 and 2012 (Rastello para. 4). Not only are these job seekers expected to apply for limited job openings with their fellow classmates, but they shall also have to battle it out with university graduates from past years and laid-off workers as well. Financially strapped retirees are also making a comeback into the job market and they could be a further hindrance to the chances of fresh graduates getting a job. Figures released by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (para. 1) show that every job opening attracts a minimum of five job seekers, and the number is projected to increase moving forward. This is because students’ enrolment rates at institutions of higher learning are increasing from one year to the next. Consequently, the number of university students graduating has also increased tremendously from one year to another. However, the number of job openings is not increasing in tandem with an increase in the number of university graduates. If anything, the job market has continued to shrink. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (para. 1), unemployment rate reduced to 7.8 percent in September 2012, compared with the same period in 2010, when the rate of unemployment was at 9 percent.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This slight improvement in the rate of unemployment has been attributed to increased rate of employment in warehousing and transportation industries, although majority of the main industries have remained unchanged. As such, stiff competition is still expected in the job market. Employers are also keen on hiring recent college graduate, bu t this depends on how the economy behaves, according to a survey conducted by Career Builder (para. 1). Almost one in every four hiring managers is keen on hiring new full-time employees, but they are currently not doing it because they do not know how the economy will behave in the immediate future (Career Builder para. 3). Most fresh graduates are now very confident that they will get a job. However, some of the recent university graduates do not hold this view, and they argue that such confidence could be misplaced. These graduates have seen their brothers, sisters, cousins and friends go for years without getting jobs and as such, their optimism of getting a job has waned over the years. The best shot at employment that they can hope for is getting part-time jobs bartending or waiting tables. The worst thing about being a jobless university graduate in this day and age is that by the time you graduate, you already have a huge student loan debt to settle. In the past, this would not have been a problem because most graduates used to get jobs immediately after graduation and then they would start paying their student loans. However, the hiring situation today is very different from what it was in the past because jobs are hard to come by. On the other hand, even those graduates who are fortunate enough to get jobs will end up earning less than their peers who graduated in the past few years. The National Centre for Education Statistics shows that the individuals who graduated with bachelor’s degrees in the Class of 2010 got an average salary of $ 47,674 representing a decrease of 1.7 % from 2009 (Rastello para. 5). On the basis of these statistics, we could argue that most recent graduates are likely to feel the financial consequences for the reminder of the time that they are gainfully employed.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on University Students find it Hard to get Jobs after Graduation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because when students graduate from college at a time when the economy is not doing well, this is likely to affect their wages negatively. When the economy is not doing well and the level of unemployment is high, graduates are more inclined to take jobs that are not aligned to their overall careers objectives, or lower-level jobs. Therefore, they end up earning less. Besides the financial ramifications of being jobless, university graduates are also faced with emotional angst as well. While at college, most of these graduates never imagine that upon graduation, they will find it hard to get jobs. Although most university graduates do not expect to get their dream jobs right away, nonetheless, they are optimistic of getting a job that will at least keep them occupied as they search for greener pastures. When such jobs are not forthcoming, some of the graduates get really depressed. Parents too, have been affected by the high rates of unemployment among college graduates. A large number of university graduates opt to move back home upon graduation as they wait to get a job. Besides encroaching on their space, parents have to take care of their sons and daughters upkeep as they go about job hunting. The input of parents may also be required in assisting their children to get jobs. Besides the financial support that parents are expected to give their children who are job hunting, they are offer moral support. As the unemployment bug bites harder, and with full-time jobs proving very hard to come by, most students are deciding to explore alternative routes. Some of them are opting for unpaid internships in the hope that when a job opening emerges, they shall be given the first priority. Other students have been known to relocate to remote areas away from their families and friends. There is also another group of students who are opting to prolong their stay in school. They hope that by the time they graduat e with their second degrees, the economy will have improved. They will also have gained additional academic qualifications, in effect giving them an edge in the job market.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The high rate of unemployment has also seen an increasingly larger number of students starting their own businesses instead of waiting to get jobs that may not be available in the first place. This is a commendable step to take because in the end, students end up doing what they enjoy the most, not to mention that as their businesses grow, they will create jobs and help to reduce unemployment. Another creative strategy that is increasingly being embraced by recent college graduates who are searching for jobs is to pick any available jobs, even if the job in question does not fit their respective majors. Besides broadening their search, such a strategy is also effective in the long-run because a student ends up with valuable skills in a field outside what he/she studied in college. Consequently, this increases their chances of getting more job opportunities in future. However, the problem with this approach is that a student ends up getting a job, and not a career. Unless a student f inds passion in this job, then he/she could get frustrated because the job was never a priority in the first place. On the other hand, any job is better than none. Many college graduates have also had to settle for internships with the intention of getting the necessary experience in their field of training. This is yet another creative way to get prospective employers to notice them. Some of the students are fortunate enough to get jobs while others find useful leads that translate into jobs. A few students are also signing a contract with prospective employers at the end of the internship program that the employer will offer them a job upon graduation. Other students are also opting to enroll for technical degrees as they stand a better chance at getting employment, compared with nontechnical degrees. The choice of degree major is slowly emerging as one of the contributing factors, to the high rate of unemployment in the country, besides a bad economy. In fact, most of the student s who graduated in the past few years and are yet to get jobs are regretting for having chosen certain majors and not others after witnessing some of their college mates get jobs a few months after graduating on account of having pursued certain majors that are much sought after in the job market. Beside the reality of the need to chose a marketable degree course, most university students seem to be more aware of the economic realities and the need to be more flexible in the choice of jobs. In spite of all the negative news as regards the issue of unemployment, there are still bright spots for students who are about to graduate. For example, the retailing and accounting industries are hiring college graduates. In addition, students graduating with technical degrees are more likely to get jobs faster than other graduates. They are also more likely to earn more in comparison with their colleagues with other majors. For example, according to the students graduating with computer-relate d degrees enjoy a 5.8% salary increase compared with their peers in other disciplines (Petrecca para. 10). There appears to be no end in sight for unemployed fresh graduate students, who continue with their search for full-time jobs and/or rewarding careers. Perhaps the time has come for our education system to play a leading role in preparing students to cope with the impending danger of being unemployed. Works Cited Career Builder 2011. Hiring Outlook for 2012 Remains Cautiously Optimistic,  CareerBuilder’s Annual Job Forecast Finds. Web. Petrecca, Laura 2010. Toughest test comes after graduation: Getting a job. Web. Rastello, Sandrine 2012. Major matters for U.S college graduates seeking jobs. 2012. Web. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics 2012. Employment Situation Summary. Web. This research paper on University Students find it Hard to get Jobs after Graduation was written and submitted by user Cali Howell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Education and Social Inequality Essay Example

Education and Social Inequality Essay Example Education and Social Inequality Essay Education and Social Inequality Essay Education and Social Inequality Sociology SOC205-10003A-022 Phase 4 DB Part II Kimberly Bottema Dianna B. Adams July 26, 2010 Education is very important for peopleâ„ ¢s success in life. Education provides skills for you to be prepare physical, mental, and social for the world. Education is the foundation of society that brings economic wealth, social prosperity and political stability. The higher education helps to maintain a healthy society to prepare healthcare profession, teachers, lawyers and doctors. One of the main purposes of education is to educate individuals within society to prepare and qualify them for work in economy and integrate people into society. This help to keep value and morals of society smooth and remain stable. It helps prepare the youth for the next generation of leader. Education mainly begins at home one does not acquire knowledge from a teacher; one can learn and get knowledge from a parent or a family member. The role social stratification plays on education is the assumption that private schools will provide quality education to students for their academic and holistic human development. Private school attention is providing a better condition, diverse curricular and experienced teachers. The private is promise quality education for their clients. The ideal marketing is to assume quality product will bring success. The parents believe that quality education in private school will enable their children to succeed in competition with the world. The private schools admit students on their abilities to pay (Zhang, 1996). Some school select students based upon their previous academic performance. Some teachers did not feel that they were prepared for the demanding workloads of private schools. Social mobility is the degree to which in a given society, an individualâ„ ¢s social status can change throughout the course of his or her life or the degree to which that individuals offspring and generations more up and down class system. Horizontal social mobility (Sorokin, 1959) or shifting this means the transition of an individual from one social group to another situated on the same level. For example, one may move from one factory to another in the same occupational status, from one family to another (through marriage), from one citizenship to another, and from one place to another place. Morality rates are higher where black is higher not because of the mechanical effect of higher black mortality rates and lower black income. There is a racial gap in labor market productivity. This discrimination affects family and community resources. The polices that was designed in the 1960â„ ¢s, racial discrimination in labor markets and education opportunities is still existing in 1990â„ ¢s, charged with being both unnecessary and unfair. The breakthroughs of racial barriers in jobs and education have been more difficult to sell. The affirmative action is the effort to enforce some kind of proportional participation of blacks and whites in job categories government contracts and higher education has been criticism. The reverse discrimination is hiring an unqualified minority worker that leads to unfair inefficient production and reduced incentives for minority workers to become qualified. Becker (1957) and Arrow (1973) discrimination is based on the personal prejudice of employees who are willing to sacrifice profits to avoid lining minority workers. The wages differential is vulnerable to competitive pressure. Low wages provide an opportunity for unprejudiced employers to earn higher profits by hiring the underpaid but, equally productive minority workers. Wage differentials due to prejudice do require government action if prejudiced employers are able t o maintain racial barriers to employment. Donohue and Heckman (1991) argue that this was the case in the American South until federal government actions in the 1960â„ ¢s , helped break down the enforcing the desegregation of jobs and schools. References Arrow, Kenneth J., The Theory of Discrimination, In Discrimination in Labor Markets, edited by Orley Ashenfelter and Albert Rees 3-33 Princeton: Princeton University Press 1973 Becker, Gary, The Economic of Discrimination, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957 Donohue, John H, and James Heckman, Continous versus Episode Change: The Impact of Civil Rights Policy on the Economic Status of Blacks, Journal of Economic Literature 29 December (1991) 1603-1643 www.soa.org/researchfactors/com www.personalumich.edu/eandersn.com

People of the PNW before 1800 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

People of the PNW before 1800 - Assignment Example Robert Gray was the captain of the ship which was commenced in 1788 (Robbins, 2002). The native communities who lived along river Columbia ranged widely in language, cultural organizations, living conditions and economic relations. There were two communities who lived in the upper river. They included The Dallas and chinookan. The Dallas communicated with Sahaptin languages, while chikookan languages reigned downriver (Robbins, 2002). Coastal people tended to live in fixed village sites due to lack of food sources. During the winter, fish and shellfish were easily harvested from estuaries and streams due to the relative mildness. In the western region, people gathered roots, seeds, nuts and berries that were harvested easily from the oak savannas and foothills (Robbins, 2002). They greatly involved themselves in trade. They not only traded with the nearby villages but also occasionally traded with the voyages in seagoing canoes from the north. The Tillamook people, occupants of the northern coast, were familiar with the trails that passed through the headlands. They also related well with the people from the North and the South. Europeans from Span, France, Russia and Britain showed interest in the last quarter of eighteenth century (Robbins, 2002). Voyages that involved Cook and Vancouver and their counterparts were made to the coast of Oregon to gather information for British, American and European communities. In addition, their exploration gave information to the world about the Native people, potential commercial resources and important information about trade (Robbins, 2002). In the following years, there was the development of fur trade that attracted a group of people known as the Mountain Men. They worked with the local Natives to supply beaver and other forms of fur to the Hudson’s Bay Company and many other companies (Tate, 2005). Some of the people used the black slave trade labor in their work. Also

Reflective account Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Reflective account - Essay Example In this paper, I have discussed some of the most important findings of my visit to these companies. Also, I have discussed which of the two companies, I would like to join in the future, and in what ways, customers are entertained by either of the two companies. A & P takes great care of its workforce. That is why, there can be seen some extremely aged workers in A & P. Many employees have worked in A & P for the whole of their professional life which essentially tells that they have been taken care of and their needs have always been addressed. Employee turnover rate in A & P is near to negligible. Workers work with mutual collaboration and harmony, and team work. This makes me feel attracted towards A & P for job. I would always like to work in an environment where workers have good relations with one another. One key factor that makes the customer service of A & P special and unique is that A & P offers service to the customers unobstructed by regional boundaries. The system in A & P is so well established that customers get their repairs made and their comments addressed from far away countries. What makes it even more surprising is that in a vast majority of cases, customers get their concerns addressed much earlier than what they expect. It is interesting to note that many of the permanent customers of A & P place their orders from overseas. They are delivered the product at their respective addresses in their hometown, so they have to face little to no inconvenience at all. Staff of the A & P travels to the dockyards all over the world and transfers the repaired products to the customers. In addition to that, A & P offers yachts at considerably lower prices than most of the yacht making companies do. This is one key reason behind the voluminous body of customers that the company has. Pendennis is largely known for its human resource development strategies. Pendennis first decided to train 10 apprentices in 1998. The practice did make the owners incur som e money, yet it was all paid off later as the workforce became more talented and increased productivity. Because of their immense efforts in the way of development of human resource, Pendennis has in 2008 been granted the title of Best Large Company Apprenticeship. Their growing popularity has increased their business manifolds. I would like to work in Pendennis because professional development opportunities for staff members in Pendennis are numerous. Pendennis takes very good care of its customers. Like A & P, Pendennis also has customers world wide. Customer service system is very efficient, and customers’ complaints and suggestions are given due consideration. Pendennis is known for its creativity, and customers have conventionally been good source of innovative ideas. Both A & P and Pendennis are extremely good in the business practices and the organizational culture prevalent in both of the companies is sufficiently strong and stable. Both are equally popular. It is ver y difficult for me to choose one of them and say that I would like to work in that company, and not in the other. In fact, I consider both of them very nice places to be in, yet if I were to choose one of them, I would go for Pendennis because employees’ on job training is something that is not conventionally provided by many employers while Pendennis does provide it. I believe that the

Characteristic of management Essay Example for Free

Characteristic of management Essay With the progress of history, the definition, content, method and characteristic of management is in constant development. The history of management theory and idea is evolving. Between the twentieth century and twenty first century, the environment of management has been changed from stable and predictable to unending changeable. According to Kiechel’s (2012) theory, with the definite law, principle and regulation, management belong to a real science system. In this essay, two topics will be discussed. The first one is management theories and ideas have changed over time with two factors which are the transformation of labor were treated from machine to human and the connection between organization and external environment. The second one is the three most important differences between now and then. The three differences are increasingly fierce competition, personalized customer demand and how to improve competitiveness. The development of management theory and practice are closely related. Management theory is based on the understanding of management system and frame after summarized the experience from the accumulation management. However, this understanding also leads to the management practice. First of all, the transformation of labor were treated from machine to human is one factor. After the mid nineteen twenties the human relations theory and behavior management theory began to pay attention to human has many special factors different from the objects. On the human factor, first of all should be attributed to Mayo and his in the test of Hawthorne factory. Hawthorne test is a management test of Mayo by Hawthorne telephone factory which belong to Western Electric Company in the United States. Testing began in 1924 and Mayo conducted a series of surveys, tests and interviews. After that, the summary from Mayo (1933) of human psychological factors and social factors has great impact on the production efficiency. The staff is social person; they need social psychology rather than simply the pursuit of income and material. Therefore, the managers of the enterprise should not only focus on the technical and economic factors of management, but also improve labor  productivity from the social and psychological aspects to encourage workers. Volberda (2012) has said that expect formal organization, there are some informal ones. Informal organization is spontaneous formation by nature from the people contact. However, people’s behavior from the informal organization is always following the emotional logic character decides relationship. The external environment become connects to organization. Some of manager’s work on employees by coerces punishment and fire to increase the stress of them. The strict supervision and control mode to staff actually reflected in Taylors scientific management service and the traditional management mode. The others the others has concept of management that will be advocated management method which is people oriented by human, tolerant, democratic in management behavior. The objectives of the organization are combined individual objectives well and create favorable conditions for employees to develop the wisdom and potential. Then, there are three most important differences between now and then which increasingly fierce competitions, personalized customer demand and how to improve competitiveness. Firstly, with the liberalization policy, business globalization and capital operation mode, the regional and industry boundaries were abolished which makes the competition more intense. That leads to the difference by increasingly fierce competitions. With the opinion of Parker (2005), a long time ago, the research which based on strategic alliances and joined ventures was found. Cooperation and competition were founded to be a virtue and he analysis that competition is good to become to cooperation which is a good idea from the growing global economic. Secondly, Customers become the dominant force in the market by the expansion of product pile up in excessive requirement and income gap which leads to customer demand for personalized. Abrahamson (1966) suggested that, change is a global effect; the customer is more sensitive on the quality of the product or service. Managers should seek a new technology to help them handle new conditions which is the performance gap caused by environmental changes. Finally, with the widely used of the development of science and technology and information technology, lots of things could be done which may not be done easily. So the traditional management mode faces the enormous challenge. Moreover, by Rodrigues(2001)’ theory, the development of effective management skills to deal with specific problems and challenges of each organization in the global competitive environment is to make a frame work. The urgent need of many enterprises and organizations are rapid changes in technology and the environment. Today, the new trend of training and development organizations around the world are dealt within their own organization. In order to achieve networked, flat, flexible, effective development skills, specific challenges different new organizations of their mission and objectives of the organizations all over the word. Effective management skills help people and organizations to improve its effectiveness and efficiency. The rapid development of globalization and technology shows that we are in fierce competition. Proper management is crucial to the complex environment. The quality manager and effective management style can determine the organizational culture with productive employees and ultimately, success or failure. Managers should encourage, guide, supervise, motivate employee and coordination capacity to promote action and guide change his leadership and other training manager. Management and utilization planning, organization and communication skills are important leadership, more in quality such as integrity, honesty, courage, commitment, sincerity, enthusiasm, determination, compassion and sensitivity. In conclusion, management theories and ideas have changed over time with two factors which are the transformation of labor were treated from machine to human and the connection between organization and external environment. At the same time, there are three most important differences between now and then. The three differences are increasingly fierce competition, personalized customer demand and how to improve competitiveness. Twenty first Century for humans is a new age, we need according to the new rules to face and the formation of new rules depends on innovation which is the foundation of learning. Finally, Learning and innovation is the key in twenty first Century to deal with the environmental change. Reference 1.Abrahamson, E. (1996). Management fashion. Academy of Management Review, 21, 1, 245-285. 2. Parker, L. D., Ritson, P. (2005). Fads, stereotypes and management gurus: Fayol and Follett today. Management Decision, 43, 10, 1335-57. 3. Kiechel, W. (2012). The management century. Harvard Business Review, 90, 11, 62-75. 4. Rodrigues, C. A. (2001). Fayols 14 principles of management then and now: A framework for managing todays organizations effectively. Management Decision, 39, 10, 880-889. 5. Mayo,G.E. (1933). The Human Problems of an Industrialized Civilization, 25,3, 33-45. 6. Volberda, H. (2012). Contingency Fit, Institutional Fit, and Firm Performance: A Metafit Approach to Organization-Environment Relationships. Organization science, 23, 4, 1040 -1055.

Eugene Richards :: essays research papers

A freelance photographer, writer and a teacher, Eugene Richards is a storyteller of the common people. Twice named U.S. magazine photographer of the year, he is often considered one of the world’s best documentary photographers for his hard hitting explorations of our society. Richards currently works with Time Life, national history and the New York Times and is the author of nine books including â€Å"below the line†, â€Å"American we† and â€Å"the knife and gun club†. All in which he uses a combination of photograph and elegantly written narrative to show an idiosyncratic portrait of the American people. Richards focus is that of the ignored; a people that otherwise have been forgotten. It’s his compassion to his subjects and his commitment to them that surpasses the act of making a pretty picture. Spending days with his subjects in the slums of Harlem or the hardly developed mountains of West Virginia he immerses himself into the frequently bitter life of his next award-winning photo. Often including word for word text of testimonials recorded by junkies and destitute farmers, Richards is able to provide an unbiased portrayal. All he has done is to select and make us look at the faces of the ignored, opinions and reactions are left to be made by the viewer. Have you ever been at the beach safely shielded by a dark pair of sunglasses and just watched? Being a silent third party to a father screaming at his seven-year-old daughter for putting the inner tube in the wrong place. People watching has for a long time been one of my favorite activities as third party you are able to see people for what they are, unbiased by already having known the person. Eugene Richards’s book has made me look at my hobby from an artistic vantagepoint. He’s made me start to think that one day I would like to be one behind a telephoto lens capturing those moments that people don’t think anyone else saw. Richards photographs have made me relies that photography is more then a point a shoot process.

Legislative Branch Essay

There are many important parts in the process of the legislative branch. The legislative branch creates laws, and during that process many things must happen. The bill must pass majority votes for the House, the Senate and then the President must sign the bill into law. If the President vetoes it, the Senate can override it. The legislative branch is very complex but important to our country’s government. The most important step of the legislative branch is when a bill becomes a law. The very intricate course that the bill takes is what legislation is all about. Since not all bills become laws, it is important that they pass majority of votes in the House and Senate. If it does not pass, the bill is destroyed and will have to start the editing journey over again. It is for this reason that the process of a bill becoming a law is a crucial step in the legislative process. The Senate’s ability to override is another very important aspect to the legislative branch. The Senate displays a very equal disbursement of each state in a fair manner, two per state. If the President vetoes a law, the Senate has the power to override it. This is very important because it assures voices from every state to be heard, rather than just the President’s. It also gives the bill another chance to become a law. The power of the Senate plays a huge role in the legislative branch. The legislative branch is the most important branch of government. It has a very elaborate process in which a bill must go through. Some aspects are more substantial than others. When a bill officially becomes a law is essential, as well as the Senate’s qualification to override the President’s decision. The complexity of the legislative lawmaking process does not undermine the importance of each step taken to create the law.

Wong Sun v. United States Case, Arguments, Impact

In Wong Sun v. United States (1963), the Supreme Court ruled that evidence uncovered and seized during an illegal arrest could not be used in court. The Court found that even verbal statements made during an unlawful arrest could not be entered into evidence. Fast Facts: Wong Sun v. United States Case Argued: March 30, 1962; April 2, 1962Decision Issued:  January 14, 1963Petitioners:  Wong Sun and James Wah ToyRespondent:  United StatesKey Questions: Were Wong Sun and James Wah Toy’s arrests lawful, and were their unsigned statements admissible as evidence?Majority Decision: Justices Warren, Black, Douglas, Brennan, and GoldbergDissenting: Justices Clark, Harlan, Stewart, and WhiteRuling: The Supreme Court held that without probable cause, the arrests were not legal. Evidence found during the subsequent illegal search was deemed inadmissible, as were the unsigned statements of the petitioners. Facts of the Case Around 6 a.m.  on June 4, 1959, a federal narcotics agent knocked on the door of James Wah Toys laundromat and home. The agent told Toy that he was interested in Toys laundry services. Toy opened the door to tell the agent that the laundromat did not open until 8 am. The agent took out his badge before Toy closed the door and identified himself as a federal narcotics agent. Toy slammed the door and took off running down the hall into his home. Agents broke down the door, searched Toys home, and placed him under arrest. They did not find any narcotics in the house.  Toy insisted that he was not selling narcotics but knew who did. He knew of a house on Eleventh Avenue where a man named Johnny sold narcotics. The agents then paid a visit to Johnny. They entered Johnny Yees bedroom and convinced him to surrender multiple tubes of heroin. Yee said Toy and another man called Sea Dog had originally sold him the drugs. Agents questioned Toy about the matter and Toy admitted that Sea Dog was a man named Wong Sun. He rode along with agents to identify Suns house. Agents arrested Wong Sun and searched his home. They found no evidence of narcotics. Over the next few days, Toy, Yee, and Wong Sun were arraigned and released on their own recognizance. A federal narcotics agent questioned each of them and prepared written statements based on notes from their interviews. Toy, Wong Sun, and Yee refused to sign the prepared statements. At trial, the district court admitted the following pieces of evidence, despite attorney objections that they were fruits of illegal entry: Toys oral statements in his bedroom at the time of his arrest;The heroin that Johnny Yee gave to agents at the time of his arrest; andUnsigned pretrial statements from Toy and Wong Sun. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reviewed the case. The appeals court found that agents did not have probable cause to arrest Toy or Wong Sun, but the items that were fruits of illegal entry were properly entered as evidence at trial. The Supreme Court took on the case, delivering individual findings for Wong Sun and Toy. Constitutional Issues Can courts lawfully admit fruits of illegal entry? Can evidence uncovered during an arrest that lacks probable cause be used against someone in court? Arguments The attorney representing Wong Sun and Toy argued that agents had illegally arrested the men. The fruits of those illegal arrests (the evidence seized) should not be allowed in court, according to the attorney. He further argued that Toys statements made to the police at the time of his arrest should be covered under the exclusionary rule. Attorneys on behalf of the government argued that the narcotics agents had sufficient probable cause to arrest both Wong Sun and Toy. When Toy spoke to narcotics agents in his bedroom, he did so out of his own free will, making the statements admissible regardless of whether the arrest was legal. Majority Opinion In a 5-4 decision delivered by Justice William J. Brennan, the court excluded all evidence related to Toys arrest, but ruled that certain evidence could be used against Wong Sun. The Arrest of Toy and Wong Sun: The majority agreed with the court of appeals that both arrests lacked sufficient probable cause. A judge would not have granted the narcotics agents an arrest warrant based on the evidence they had when arresting Toy, according to the majority. The majority also agreed that the agent at Toys door misrepresented himself and Toys decision to run down the hall could not be used as suspicion of guilt. Toys statements: According to the majority, the exclusionary rule, which prohibits evidence seized during an illegal search, applies to verbal statements as well as physical evidence. Toys statements made during an illegal arrest could not be used against him in court. Johnny Yees heroin: The heroin Johnny Yee gave agents could not be used against Toy in court, the majority argued. The heroin was not just fruit of the poisonous tree. The heroin was inadmissible because agents had uncovered it through an exploitation of illegality. However, the heroin could be used against Wong Sun in court. The majority reasoned that it was not uncovered through any exploitation of Wong Sun or an intrusion on his right to privacy. Wong Suns statement: Wong Suns statement was completely unrelated to his illegal arrest, according to the majority. It could be used in court. Toys unsigned statement: The majority ruled that Toys unsigned statement could not be corroborated by Wong Suns statement, or any other piece of evidence. The Court could not rely on it alone for a conviction. The majority offered Wong Sun a new trial in light of the findings. Dissenting Opinion Justice Tom C. Clark filed a dissent, joined by Justices John Marshall Harlan, Potter Stewart, and Byron White. Justice Clark argued that the court had created unrealistic, enlarged standards for police officers who have to make split-second decisions about whether to arrest someone. Justice Clark specifically noted that Toys decision to flee from officers should be considered probable cause. He believed that the arrests were legal and evidence should not be excluded on the basis that it was fruit of the poisonous tree. Impact Wong Sun v. United States developed the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine, ruling that even evidence distantly related to an exploitative and illegal arrest should not be used in court. Wong Sun v. United States also extended the exclusionary rule to verbal statements. While it was a landmark case, Wong Sun v. United States did not have the final word on the exclusionary rule. More recent cases have limited the reach of the rule. Sources Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963)